History of Laptops
Before laptops were introduced technique, the idea that computers can easily move forward by Alan Kay. This can be seen on the Dynabook concept developed by Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Centre) in the early 1970s. This concept is the development of the Alto prototype was also done by Xerox PARC.
The first portable computer that is marketed commercially Osborne 1, which was developed in 1981. This computer was the first computer that can be taken anywhere even when using it we have to connect with the power house. With a thin CRT screen size of 5 "and weighs 23.5 pounds (12 kg), the computer uses the operating system CP / M and is equipped with a 4 MHz Z80 CPU, main memory is 65 kilobytes, and floppy disk drives.
In 1983 the first product from Compaq which was also quite successful, the Compaq Portable. This product is an IBM clone computers, because at that time IBM is a standard program for all computers. This computer is more portable than the Osborne 1 because it is lighter. Using the same operating system with the Osborne 1, the CP / M OS. Besides this computer also runs MS - DOS.
Other computers issued this year was the Epson HX - 20. This product actually was developed in 1981, but the new launch held in 1983. Computers in the category of handheld computers using a full keyboard with 68 keys, nickel cadmium (NiCd) rechargeable, dot-matrix LCD display with a resolution of 120 x 32 pixels. This screen is capable of displaying four lines with each line containing 20 characters. There is also a Microsoft BASIC and RAM for 16 kibibyte that can be enlarged up to 32 kibibyte.
The existence of disputed laptops starting with the GRID Compass 1101 in April 1982. Computer was designed by Bill Moggridge of the British Industrial in 1979. The materials used to make it is to take a mixture of magnesium clamshell models (Clamshell). With a computer model can be closed with a position on the screen and the keyboard face.
This laptop uses an Intel 8086, electroluminescent display (CGA) with a resolution of 320 x 200 pixels and 384 kilobytes of memory. It also uses a modem with a speed of 1200 bits per second. Hardrive and floppy disks associated with the use of 488 I / O (known as GPIB = General Purpose Bus Instrumental). The operating system used is GRID - OS.
Computer issued by GRID Systems Corp.. This, in the 1980s used by NASA and the U.S. military. In 1988 GRIDD Systems Corp. was taken over by the Tandy Corporation (RadioShack).
In 1983 the newly issued new computers sold around 1984, Sharp PC - 500 and the Gavilan SC. Gavilan was the first portable computer that uses the 'laptop' names. Both computers use the same model with GRID Compass, clamshell models. Both have LCD screens, and can connect to an optional printer.
In 1983 also launched a computer that can perform the most sales for the first time in the history of laptops, Kyocera Kyotronic 85. This laptop was quickly licensed by Tandy Corp.. , Olivetti, and NEC. They see great potential for success and TRS - 80 Model 100 (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M - 10, NEC PC - 8201.
This machine is operated by a standard AA battery. Tandy complete with BASIC program, a text editor and a terminal program, which is provided by Microsoft and written by Bill Gates. It is also applied to the LCD screen is tilted with 8 x 40 characters and an internal modem.
In terms of ease of carry, and battery usage time, and the price is cheap, the computer is becoming a favorite among journalists. Weighing more than 2 kg, with dimensions of 30 x 21.5 x 4.5 cm (12 "x 8.5" x 1.75 "). The addition, this laptop uses 8 KiB of RAM which can be raised to 24 KiB, and processor 3 MHz.
On 3 April 1986 IBM launched the first laptop with a commercial purpose, the IBM PC Convertible. This laptop is equipped with "floppy disk drive is 3.5 which is the standard device. Processor used is an Intel 80c88, which is a CMOS version of the Intel 8088, which operates at 4.77 MHz. Inside there are also 256 KB of RAM which can be expanded to 512 KiB. With LCD screen and weighs 13 pounds, this computer comes with a handle which makes it easier to carry. laptops use batteries as a power source.
Paa 1987 Toshiba launched two products at once, T1000 and T1200. Although limited to only using the DOS operating system stored in ROM, the two models of the Toshiba has the form of a very small and lightweight making it suitable to be carried in a backpack. It also uses lead-acid batteries.
In 1987 the U.S. Air Force contract to make laptops that are offered in bulk, reaching 200,000 units. Competition for these contracts occurs between the laptop industry, such as IBM, Toshiba, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith Data Systems (ZDS).
ZDS who previously had won an agreement with the IRS with Z - 171, was awarded the contract for the supersport. Supersport is equipped with an Intel 8086 processor, dual floppy disk drive, backlit, LCD display STN blue and white, and NiCd batteries. For the next processor used is an Intel 80286 processor with 20 MB hard drive. This makes ZDS became the biggest supplier of laptop during the period 1987-1988.
To fulfill this contract, ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo do to provide it. It is for the first time collaboration between the brand known for OEM (Original Equipment Manufacture) from Asia. In addition, many well known computer manufacturers are working with OEMs from Asia, such as Compaq and Citizen. It also resulted in growing OEM in Asia, such as Chicon, Acer, Quanta, Compal, TWINHEAD, Sanyo, Tottori Sanyo, Citizen, and Casio.
Launched in 1988 by the Cambridge Computer Z88 Cambridge. This computer was designed by Sir Clive Sinclair, the form of A4 paper. This computer uses the power of a standard battery and comes with a basic spreadsheet, word processing, and communication programs. This laptop is a forerunner to the manufacture of PDA.
In 1989, two different companies, NEC and Apple Computer, launched a laptop each, namely of NEC and Apple Machintosh Ultralit Portable. Nec Ultralit launched in mid-1989. This laptop is the first notebook may be produced by NEC. This laptop has a weight of not less than 2 kg. In the computer contained in it has a hard drive and RAM 2 mebibyte.
Portable Machintosh launched by Apple Computer has a clear active matrix display and a battery that can last for a long time. Unfortunately, with these conditions, the relatively poor sales of Mac portable. This is due to the shape of the Mac Portable was less attractive.
Series laptops from Apple Computer, Apple Power Book, was launched in 1991. This laptop is the de facto standard that continues to survive until now. It looks at the placement of the keyboard, the availability of the palm rest, and a trackball. Power book series for the first time using a screen with 256 colors (165c Power output Books 1993), touchpad, and a recorder 16 - bit. There is also an Ethernet Network Adapter (Power Book 1994 500 serial output).
The spring of 1995 was a significant turning point in the history of the notebook computer. In August 1995, Miocrosoft introduced Windows 95. This is the first time Microsoft have full control on the management operating system (operating system). Windows 95 is suitable for application on the Intel Pentium and in accordance with the existing ROM on notebooks.
Before laptops were introduced technique, the idea that computers can easily move forward by Alan Kay. This can be seen on the Dynabook concept developed by Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Centre) in the early 1970s. This concept is the development of the Alto prototype was also done by Xerox PARC.
The first portable computer that is marketed commercially Osborne 1, which was developed in 1981. This computer was the first computer that can be taken anywhere even when using it we have to connect with the power house. With a thin CRT screen size of 5 "and weighs 23.5 pounds (12 kg), the computer uses the operating system CP / M and is equipped with a 4 MHz Z80 CPU, main memory is 65 kilobytes, and floppy disk drives.
In 1983 the first product from Compaq which was also quite successful, the Compaq Portable. This product is an IBM clone computers, because at that time IBM is a standard program for all computers. This computer is more portable than the Osborne 1 because it is lighter. Using the same operating system with the Osborne 1, the CP / M OS. Besides this computer also runs MS - DOS.
Other computers issued this year was the Epson HX - 20. This product actually was developed in 1981, but the new launch held in 1983. Computers in the category of handheld computers using a full keyboard with 68 keys, nickel cadmium (NiCd) rechargeable, dot-matrix LCD display with a resolution of 120 x 32 pixels. This screen is capable of displaying four lines with each line containing 20 characters. There is also a Microsoft BASIC and RAM for 16 kibibyte that can be enlarged up to 32 kibibyte.
The existence of disputed laptops starting with the GRID Compass 1101 in April 1982. Computer was designed by Bill Moggridge of the British Industrial in 1979. The materials used to make it is to take a mixture of magnesium clamshell models (Clamshell). With a computer model can be closed with a position on the screen and the keyboard face.
This laptop uses an Intel 8086, electroluminescent display (CGA) with a resolution of 320 x 200 pixels and 384 kilobytes of memory. It also uses a modem with a speed of 1200 bits per second. Hardrive and floppy disks associated with the use of 488 I / O (known as GPIB = General Purpose Bus Instrumental). The operating system used is GRID - OS.
Computer issued by GRID Systems Corp.. This, in the 1980s used by NASA and the U.S. military. In 1988 GRIDD Systems Corp. was taken over by the Tandy Corporation (RadioShack).
In 1983 the newly issued new computers sold around 1984, Sharp PC - 500 and the Gavilan SC. Gavilan was the first portable computer that uses the 'laptop' names. Both computers use the same model with GRID Compass, clamshell models. Both have LCD screens, and can connect to an optional printer.
In 1983 also launched a computer that can perform the most sales for the first time in the history of laptops, Kyocera Kyotronic 85. This laptop was quickly licensed by Tandy Corp.. , Olivetti, and NEC. They see great potential for success and TRS - 80 Model 100 (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M - 10, NEC PC - 8201.
This machine is operated by a standard AA battery. Tandy complete with BASIC program, a text editor and a terminal program, which is provided by Microsoft and written by Bill Gates. It is also applied to the LCD screen is tilted with 8 x 40 characters and an internal modem.
In terms of ease of carry, and battery usage time, and the price is cheap, the computer is becoming a favorite among journalists. Weighing more than 2 kg, with dimensions of 30 x 21.5 x 4.5 cm (12 "x 8.5" x 1.75 "). The addition, this laptop uses 8 KiB of RAM which can be raised to 24 KiB, and processor 3 MHz.
On 3 April 1986 IBM launched the first laptop with a commercial purpose, the IBM PC Convertible. This laptop is equipped with "floppy disk drive is 3.5 which is the standard device. Processor used is an Intel 80c88, which is a CMOS version of the Intel 8088, which operates at 4.77 MHz. Inside there are also 256 KB of RAM which can be expanded to 512 KiB. With LCD screen and weighs 13 pounds, this computer comes with a handle which makes it easier to carry. laptops use batteries as a power source.
Paa 1987 Toshiba launched two products at once, T1000 and T1200. Although limited to only using the DOS operating system stored in ROM, the two models of the Toshiba has the form of a very small and lightweight making it suitable to be carried in a backpack. It also uses lead-acid batteries.
In 1987 the U.S. Air Force contract to make laptops that are offered in bulk, reaching 200,000 units. Competition for these contracts occurs between the laptop industry, such as IBM, Toshiba, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith Data Systems (ZDS).
ZDS who previously had won an agreement with the IRS with Z - 171, was awarded the contract for the supersport. Supersport is equipped with an Intel 8086 processor, dual floppy disk drive, backlit, LCD display STN blue and white, and NiCd batteries. For the next processor used is an Intel 80286 processor with 20 MB hard drive. This makes ZDS became the biggest supplier of laptop during the period 1987-1988.
To fulfill this contract, ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo do to provide it. It is for the first time collaboration between the brand known for OEM (Original Equipment Manufacture) from Asia. In addition, many well known computer manufacturers are working with OEMs from Asia, such as Compaq and Citizen. It also resulted in growing OEM in Asia, such as Chicon, Acer, Quanta, Compal, TWINHEAD, Sanyo, Tottori Sanyo, Citizen, and Casio.
Launched in 1988 by the Cambridge Computer Z88 Cambridge. This computer was designed by Sir Clive Sinclair, the form of A4 paper. This computer uses the power of a standard battery and comes with a basic spreadsheet, word processing, and communication programs. This laptop is a forerunner to the manufacture of PDA.
In 1989, two different companies, NEC and Apple Computer, launched a laptop each, namely of NEC and Apple Machintosh Ultralit Portable. Nec Ultralit launched in mid-1989. This laptop is the first notebook may be produced by NEC. This laptop has a weight of not less than 2 kg. In the computer contained in it has a hard drive and RAM 2 mebibyte.
Portable Machintosh launched by Apple Computer has a clear active matrix display and a battery that can last for a long time. Unfortunately, with these conditions, the relatively poor sales of Mac portable. This is due to the shape of the Mac Portable was less attractive.
Series laptops from Apple Computer, Apple Power Book, was launched in 1991. This laptop is the de facto standard that continues to survive until now. It looks at the placement of the keyboard, the availability of the palm rest, and a trackball. Power book series for the first time using a screen with 256 colors (165c Power output Books 1993), touchpad, and a recorder 16 - bit. There is also an Ethernet Network Adapter (Power Book 1994 500 serial output).
The spring of 1995 was a significant turning point in the history of the notebook computer. In August 1995, Miocrosoft introduced Windows 95. This is the first time Microsoft have full control on the management operating system (operating system). Windows 95 is suitable for application on the Intel Pentium and in accordance with the existing ROM on notebooks.
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